Biology Genetics

4.1.1 State that eukaryote chromosomes are made of DNA and proteins. eukaryote chromosomes are made of DNA and proteins. 4.1.2 Define ing rosy-cheekeddenedient, allele and genome. factor: a heritable factor that controls a specific characteristic. allele: one specific form of a factor, differing from other alleles by one or a few bases only and occupying the selfsame(prenominal) gene locus as other alleles of the gene. Genome: the whole of the genetical selective information of an organism. 4.1.3 Define gene transmutation. Gene mutation: a mis carrellanea to the base sequence of a gene. 4.1.4 Explain the resultant of a base successor mutation in apprisal to the processes of written text and translation, using the example of sickle- jail cell anemia. Sickle cell anaemia is a genetic disease that affects red production line cells in the body. It is due to a mutation on the Hb gene which codes for a polypeptide of 146 amino group caustics which is part of h emoglobin (haemoglobin is an important protein division in red blood cells). In sickle cell anaemia the codon GAG found in the normal Hb gene is mutated to GTG. This is called a base substitution mutation as adenine (A) is replaced by thymine (T). This mean that when the mutated gene is transcribed, a codon in the courier ribonucleic acid pull up stakes be different. quite of the normal codon GAG, the messenger RNA go out contain the codon GUG. This in turn will result in a slip during translation. In a healthy single the codon GAG on the messenger RNA matches with the anticodon CUC on the get rid of RNA carrying the amino acid glutamic acid. However, if the mutated gene is afford so GUG on the messenger RNA matches with the anticodon CAC on the transfer RNA which carries the amino acid valine. So the base substitution mutation has caused glutamic acid to be replaced by valine on the sixth sight on the polypeptide. This results in haemoglobin S being present in red blood cells instead of the normal haemoglobin A. T! his has an effect on the phenotype as instead of normal ring shaped red blood cells...If you want to get a full essay, orderliness it on our website: OrderEssay.net

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