Marx believed that each stage of evolution was marked by a mode of production plus a division in between the strong class as well as the class with much less or no power. The adjust from the mode of production as well as the conflicts among the classes have been set not by human alternative but by the forces of history which swept society along toward capitalistic development.
Baran in Brewer issues out that the development of capitalism had a lot more subtleties and deviations than Marx envisioned.
In underdeveloped countries the `surplus' is partly absorbed by the luxury spending in the ruling class, but a lot of it's transferred to the advanced nations (as profits), where it contributes towards the problem of absorbing the rising surplus. Monopoly thus transforms capitalism from a force for development into a cause of stagnation.
Still, the issue remains that Marx did grant to individuals and person action a measure of significance which aligns him with neo-Marxists some of whom preserve that he did not grant these kinds of significance. True, the individual's actions are dwarfed by the forces of economics and history, but those people actions aren't in any sense completely negated by Marx: "Individual capitalists, workers, corporations of many sorts, may well have purposes, but the technique as a whole [i.e. capitalism] cannot."
Sweezy defines the neo-Marxist not like a theorist who is "less truly Marxist than others," but instead as somebody who is simply and honestly "less convinced of the adequacy of Marxist theory because it has been inherited during the past." Utilizing Kalecki as an instance of this sort of a neo-Marxist, Sweezy considers Kalecki's reference on the impact of monopoly over a theory on the accumulation process: "If monopoly is not only introduced as a once-and-for-all factor but like a secularly growing force. then the whole capital accumulation method can also be permanently and increasingly biased toward over-accumulation and stagnation." Clearly, if this analysis, and later additional developed studies of monopoly, accumulation and stagnation by Steindl and others, are accurate, then it's a major revision of traditional Marxism. It also ties it neatly with Baran's analysis of monopoly and stagnation, mentioned in endnote Three of this study.
The production of ideas, of conceptions, of consciousness, is at first directly interwoven in the material workout and the material intercourse of men, the language of real life. . . . Men are the producers of their . . . ideas . . . as they're conditioned by a exact development of their productive forces. . . . [Ideas] have no history, no development; but men, developing their material production and their material intercourse, alter, as well as this their actual existence, their thinking and also the solutions of their thinking.
The Hegelian Marxists "sought to restore the dialectic between the subjective [i.e., men and women and individual action, in particular political action formulated to counter the destructive and alienating elements of capitalism] and also the objective [i.e., the economic and historical factors] of social life." Georg Lukacs introduced reification and class consciousness.
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